Clinical descriptions of various forms of Lyme disease have been known in Europe for almost 100 years, but it was only 30 years ago in the USA that Willy Burgdorfer identified the bacterium B. burgdorferi sensu lato that cause Lyme borreliosis. burgdorferi sensu stricto, Borrelia afzelii, and Borrelia garinii, and according to some reports, Borrelia valaisiana, Borrelia lusitaniae, Borrelia spielmanii, and Borrelia bissetti, are among the complex bacteria B. burgdorferi sensu lato complex, for which the clinical picture is more varied, are responsible for Lyme disease. Unlike in North America, where Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto is mainly found, in Europe and Asia at least five pathogenic (of several) genospecies of Borrelia bacteria belonging to the B. Lyme disease is a tickborne bacterial infection transmitted to humans by the genus Ixodes. Keywords: Lyme borreliosis, antigens, serologic techniques, antibodies detection, immunological response, antibody index, neuroborreliosis Further studies should focus on detecting the lowest concentration of antibodies and looking for useful new antigens, and the relationship between composition of such antigens and the patient's clinical status. To confirm neuroborreliosis, synthesis of antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid, should be measured in the form of a so-called antibody index. Furthermore, concentrations of antibodies in the two compartments, ie, blood and cerebrospinal fluid, are variable depending on compartmentalization (anatomic sequestration) and immunologic phenomena at immunologically privileged sites, such as the intrathecal space. To determine antibodies confirming infection in the nervous system, the same restrictions with regard to interpretation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results in serum apply to cerebrospinal fluid. Antigens useful for diagnosis, the properties of individual antigens and their appearance in infection - especially the antigens appearing during mammalian infection, so-called “in vivo” antigens are introduced. This review article discusses the immunologic response in Lyme disease over time, and the advantages and disadvantages of existing serological tests. This is due to the various antigens among the genospecies responsible for Lyme borreliosis the changing antigens presented during infection and the variability of single antigens. Moreover, the variety and variability of antigens represents a significant challenge in assay design. The variety of genospecies and their different geographic distributions are the reasons why standards and recommendations are not the same for all of the main geographic regions, ie, USA, Asia, and Europe. Despite the presence of new and improved assays, current laboratory diagnosis still requires optimization. Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Bialystok, Bialystok, PolandĪbstract: Serologic assays detecting antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi are useful in the routine diagnosis of Lyme disease.
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